Direct non-thermal plasma treatment for the sanitation of fresh corn salad leaves: Evaluation of physical and physiological effects and antimicrobial efficacy

Current problems with outbreaks of serious infections caused by human pathogens on fresh-cut greens highlight the need for new, optimized postharvest sanitation treatments to effectively meet recent food safety standards. In contrast to various chemical treatments, non-thermal plasma (NTP) has a high potential as a gentle target sanitation technique. However, possible interactions between NTP and the physiology of treated fresh products have not been investigated in detail. Here, chlorophyll fluorescence image analysis (CFIA) was used to study the potential impacts of non-thermal plasma on the photosynthetic activity of highly perishable corn salad leaves as a model produce. For this purpose, an atmospheric pressure plasma jet, driven at radio frequency, and transforming argon with flow rates of 20 L min⁻¹ into non-thermal plasma at 10, 20, 30, and 40 W generator power was applied for various times to the surface of corn salad leaves. Thermographic measurements indicated maximum temperatures of 39.0 °C, 44.4 °C, 60.1 °C, and 66.0 °C, respectively, on treated leaf surfaces. CFIA revealed that treatment at moderate generator power of 20 W for up to 1 min was the maximum setting for quality retention. Furthermore, the microbial inactivation efficiency of the plasma jet system at these operating parameters was successfully tested on Escherichia coli bacteria, inoculated on corn salad surface at 10⁷ cfu cm⁻² and 10⁴ cfu cm⁻². At 20 W, bacteria with lower initial load could be inactivated by 3.6 (±0.6) log-cycles within 15 s of treatment duration; whereas at the higher initial load of 10⁷ cfu cm⁻², bacteria were reduced by 2.1 (±0.2) log-cycles after 30 s.     

西葫芦银叶病发病叶片叶绿素代谢及其荧光特性

 研究了西葫芦银叶病发病叶片和叶柄叶绿素代谢特性和叶片叶绿素荧光参数的变化。与对照相比，发病叶片和叶柄叶绿素总量(Chl.a+b)，叶绿素a (Chl.a)，叶绿素b (Chl.b)含量均下降；轻度与重度发病叶片叶绿素a/b增加，中度发病叶片与对照差异不显著，而叶柄比对照降低。西葫芦银叶病对叶片Chl.b的影响比Chl.a大，而对叶柄Chl.a的影响比Chl.b大。发病叶片和叶柄叶绿素酶活性升高，从而使叶绿素降解加速，叶绿素合成中间产物Protoporphyrin IX (Proto IX)，Magnesium protoporphyrin IX (Mg-Proto IX)，Protochlorophyllide (Pchlide)含量降低，Uroporphyrinogen Ⅲ (Uro Ⅲ)含量增加，表明叶绿素合成在 Uro Ⅲ到 Proto Ⅸ受阻。发病叶片最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)，光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的潜在活性(F_v/F_o)，实际光化学效率(φPSⅡ)，光化学淬灭系数(q_P)降低，非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)增加。试验结果表明，西葫芦银叶病破坏了叶绿素合成和降解的动态平衡，叶绿素合成受阻和叶绿素降解加速是导致叶片叶绿素含量降低的原因；发病叶片叶绿体PSⅡ活性受到抑制。     

Prediction of watermelon quality based on vibration spectrum

Judging watermelon quality based on its apparent properties such as size or skin color is difficult. A non-destructive method is employed here, based on vibrational response spectrum, to determine the quality indices of watermelon (Charleston gray). The responses of samples to vibration excitation were recorded by laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV). The phase shift between input and output signals were extracted over a wide frequency range. The total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA) and TSS/TA ratio also measured as watermelon quality characters. Stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) as well as partial least square regression (PLS) was applied to extracted vibration spectrums to construct prediction models of watermelon quality. The results showed that performance of SMLR models were better than PLS. The determination coefficients (R²) of SMLR validation models were 0.9976, 0.9985 and 0.9542 for TSS, TA and TSS/TA respectively. It is likely that reduction of cell wall materials to soluble solids during ripening process changes viscoelastic properties of watermelon reflected by vibrational response. This study demonstrated the feasibility of mentioned method for predicting the quality of watermelons in an industrial grading system.     

基于纳米材料的免疫层析试纸在兽药残留检测中的应用

兽药残留是食品安全的重要影响因素,开发兽药残留检测方法是保证食品安全的重要手段。免疫层析试纸是一种操作简单、生产成本低且具有良好灵敏度的检测方法,适用于现场检测、大规模食品筛选,在兽药残留检测中具有巨大的应用价值。纳米材料可提供特殊的检测信号,是影响免疫层析试纸检测灵敏度和定量分析的关键因素。文章主要对胶体金、磁性纳米材料、量子点以及时间分辨荧光微球这几种纳米标记材料进行介绍,指出各自的优缺点及应用情况,并对该技术在兽药残留检测中的应用趋势进行展望。     

广东康禾自然保护区植物区系研究

根据对保护区的植被调查,分析了该保护区的植物区系、生活型谱和植被类型,结果显示该保护区植物区系组成以泛热带和热带亚洲成分最为丰富,各占30.5%和13.8%;生活型谱以高位芽植物占绝对优势,但比例略低于近纬度带的阴那山等地区;植被类型主要为亚热带常绿阔叶林,但因人为破坏较严重,现有植被主要为次生性较强的常绿阔叶林和针阔叶混交林。     

美国山核桃无性系叶绿素的荧光特性

研究了12个不同品种美国山核桃无性系嫁接苗的叶绿素荧光特性.结果表明:不同品种间的初始荧光(Fo)、最大荧光(Fm)、PS II原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、PS II潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、非光化学猝灭系数(qN)均存在显著或极显著差异;光合量子产额(Y ield)和光化学猝灭系数(qP)未达显著差异.初步聚类分析表明,不同无性系嫁接苗中的所有西部品种和国内优系金华1号具有较好的光合性能.     

胡杨多形叶气孔特征及光合特性的比较

为揭示多形叶发育的生态适应机制,选择锯齿卵圆形、卵圆形和披针形3种典型成年胡杨叶片进行气孔及光合特性方面的研究.观察到,胡杨叶片近轴面与远轴面的气孔密度相近,气孔为非均匀开闭;3种形态叶的气孔密度不同,锯齿卵圆形的最大,披针形的最小.气孔下陷程度存在显著差异,锯齿卵圆形叶气孔下陷较深,披针形的最浅.它们的光合速率日变化规律基本一致,呈单峰曲线.光合速率日平均值存在较大差异,卵圆形叶和锯齿卵圆形叶的光合速率日平均值明显高于披针形叶.3种形态叶的光补偿点相近,但饱和点存在差异;叶片的PSⅡ原初光能转换效率以及PSⅡ潜在活性也存在明显差异,其中锯齿卵圆形叶的最高.结果表明,胡杨叶片在发育过程中从形态、解剖和光合特性上均发生了变异.     

野生玫瑰与玫瑰栽培品种光合特性的比较

以2个产地的野生玫瑰(吉林珲春野生玫瑰和山东牟平野生玫瑰)和2个玫瑰栽培品种(山东平阴的紫枝玫瑰和甘肃苦水的苦水玫瑰)为试材,利用CIRAS-2型便携式光合测定系统和FMS-2型调制式荧光仪对其叶片气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数日进程进行比较研究.结果表明:1)珲春野生玫瑰Pn日变化为单峰曲线,牟平野生玫瑰和紫枝玫瑰Pn日变化为不显著的双峰曲线,苦水玫瑰Pn日变化则为典型的双峰曲线;2个野生玫瑰的Pn最高值明显高于2个玫瑰栽培品种,表现出显著的高光合效率特性;珲春野生玫瑰、紫枝玫瑰和苦水玫瑰都表现出明显的光合"午休",而牟平野生玫瑰没有"午休";紫枝玫瑰Pn的降低主要是非气孔因素所致,而珲春野生玫瑰、牟平野生玫瑰和苦水玫瑰Pn的降低则受气孔和非气孔因素的共同影响.2)叶绿素荧光参数的日变化表明,4个玫瑰均出现了不同程度的光抑制,野生玫瑰比玫瑰栽培品种对高光强敏感,中午光抑制程度较大,但却比玫瑰栽培品种能更有效地利用上午的光能进行光合碳同化,而玫瑰栽培品种对下午光能的利用率比野生玫瑰高;PSⅡ反应中心的可逆失活和有效的非辐射能量耗散是玫瑰叶片防御光破坏的主要保护机制.     

山地植物群落生物多样性与生物生产力海拔梯度变化研究进展

文中从生物学谱中群落和生态系统尺度，根据国内外的野外观测文献，总结了山地植被在群落生物多样性和生物生产力2方面的海拔梯度变化特征，以及群落生物生产力与生物多样性的关系，并提出目前该领域研究的几个热点问题。